Maternal deprivation and later attachment

Hodges & Tizard's longitudinal study about social and family relationships of
1. institutional and ex-institutional adolescents
2. adopted, restored and control groups of adolescents

Reexamine Bowlby's attachment theory

Attrition rate increased from 2, 4 ,8 to 16-year-old

Self-report measures used
1. Interview: a) adolescents; b) mother
2. Self-report questionnaire about 'social difficulties'
2. Postal questionnaire with teacher
3. Psychometric test: Rutter 'B' Scale

Phobia of a 5-year-old boy & Oedipus Complex

Freud used a case study method to investigate Little Han's phobia

5 Psycho-sexual stages of child development
1. Oral stage (birth -15 months)
2. Anal stage (15 months - 3-year-old)
3. Phallic stage (3 - 5-year-old) : experiences Oedipus Complex
4. Latency stage (5-year-old - puberty)
5. Genital stage ( Puberty onwards)

Findings
1. 3-year-old Hans developed interest in his 'widdler'
2. Almost 5-year-old Hans had fear of horses, bitten by horses
3. A big giraffe and a crumpled giraffe dream
4. Fear of bath
5. Fantasy to marry his mother and be a father
6. Fantasy of a plumber providing larger widdler

Reductionism vs holism
Classical conditioning of phobias or attachment issues or
Psychoanalysis and theories

Lack of Conservation at Pre-Operational Stage

Do the quantity of an object remain the same despite the change of its appearance (Conservation)?

Younger children can cope better if they were asked only one question rather than two questions pre- and post-transformation.

Piaget may have underestimated what younger children can do because using two questions confused them.

Samuel & Bryant's partial replication of Piaget's experiment
3 conditions:
1. Standard condition -two questions (least errors)
2. One judgment condition - one question
3. Fixed array control (most errors)

3 types of conservation task
1. Conservation of volume (hardest)
2. Conservation of mass
3. Conservation of number (easiest)

252 children from Devon
5 (more errors), 6, 7, 8-year-olds (fewer errors)

Applications, validity & reliability issues

Learning aggression by imitation

Social Learning Theory by Bandura emphasises the role of observation and imitation of role model

In a lab experiment, children exposed to the aggressive model, non-aggressive model or the control group, subdivided into 4 gender groups.

3 phases of experiment
1. Modelling: Children watching a model playing with toys.
2. Aggression arousal: The children briefly played with attractive toys but then had to stop.
3. Delayed imitation: Children observed playing with toys.

3 measures of imitation obtained
1. Imitative physical aggression
2. Imitative verbal aggression
3. Imitative non-aggressive verbal responses

Effects of aggressive model and gender
Operant conditioning or Freud's identification with aggressor
Ecological validity and reliability of a snapshot study